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Medieval Islamic History

  • Getting Started
  • Pre-Islamic Period
    • Byzantine Empire
      • Constantine (r. 306-337)
      • Helena (d. c. 330)
      • Justinian (r. 527-565)
      • Heraclius (r. 610-641)
    • Sasanian Empire
      • Ardashir I (r. 224-242)
      • Shapur I (r. 240-270)
      • Battle of Avarayr (451)
      • Anushirwan (r. 531-579)
      • Khosrow Aparvez (r. 590, 591-628)
    • pre-Islamic Arabia
      • Arabness
      • Arabian Languages
      • Arabian Religions
  • Rise of Islam
    • Muhammad
      • Muhammad
      • Bahira
      • Night Journey
      • The Qur’an
    • The Hijras
      • The First Hijra
      • The Hijra
      • Constitution of Medina
    • Early Disputes
      • Uhud
      • Maghazi
      • Conquest of Mecca
      • Succession
      • Ridda
    • The Conquests
      • Letters of Muhammad
      • Conquest of Syria
      • Conquest of Iran
      • Conquest of Egypt
  • Umayyads
    • Hate for the Umayyads
    • First Fitna
      • ʿUthman b. ʿAffan
      • Battle of the Camel
      • Battle of Siffin
    • The First Dynasty
    • Second Fitna
      • Karbala
      • Zubayrids
    • Arabization
    • Coin Reforms
      • Arab-Byzantine
      • Arab-Sasanian
      • Reformed Coinage
      • Latin-Arabic Coins
      • Cool Oddities
    • Palaces
      • Khirbat al-Mafjar
      • Qusayr Amra
    • Mosques and Shrines
      • Dome of the Rock
      • Great Mosque of Damascus
    • Third Fitna
    • Dhimmis
  • ʿAbbasids
    • Revolution
      • Third Fitna
      • Khorasani Revolution
      • Abu Muslim
      • Saffah
      • End of the (Syrian) Umayyads
    • Baghdad
      • Foundation
      • Iranian Context
      • Later Descriptions
    • Bayt al-Hikma
      • Astronomy & Astrology
      • Engineering
      • Geography
      • Math
      • Medicine
      • Philosophy
      • Poetry
    • Fitna and Mihna
      • Maʾmun
      • Fourth Fitna
      • Mihna
    • Decade of Anarchy
      • Samarra’
        • Foundation
        • Palaces
        • Mosques
      • Mutawakkil
        • Reign
        • Christians and Jews
        • Shi’a
        • Death
      • Tahirids
      • Zanj Revolt
        • Background
        • Revolt
    • ʿAbbasids & Buyids
      • Abbasid Revival
      • Abbasid-Buyid Relations
      • Abbasid Commonwealth
    • Byzantium on one side
      • Power
      • War
      • Displacement
    • Sultanates on the other side
      • Power
      • Religion
  • Central Asia & India
    • Early Islamic Central Asia
    • Saffarids
    • Samanids
      • Ismail Samani
      • Ceramics and Glass
    • Sultanate of Delhi
      • Raziyya Sultan
      • Quwwat al-Islam
    • Ghaznavids
    • Ghurids
  • Iran
    • Buyids
      • Rukn al-Dawla
      • ‘Adud al-Dawla
      • Later Buyids
    • Ziyarids
      • Mardavij
      • Gonbad-e Qabus
    • Great Seljuks
      • Seljuk
      • Tughril Beg
      • Nizam al-Mulk
    • Mongols
      • Christians under Mongols
      • Jews under Mongols
    • Timurids
      • Timur
      • Turkish Language
  • Anatolia
    • Eastern Anatolian Beyliks
      • Diyarbakr
      • Akhlat
    • The Kingdom of Ani
    • Seljuks of Rum
      • Konya
    • Kingdom of Cilicia
    • Kingdom of Georgia
      • Tamar
      • Gurji Khatun
    • Ottomans
  • Syria, Egypt & Arabia
    • Hamdanids
      • Arab-Byzantine Wars
      • Court Culture
      • Within Islamic World
      • Digenes Akritas
    • Tulunids
      • Ahmad b. Tulun
      • Mosque
      • Jihad
      • Tiraz
      • Other Tulunid
    • Ikhshidids
      • Ikhshid
      • Kafur
    • Fatimids
      • Da’wa and Dawla
        • Descent from Fatima
        • The Mahdi
        • The Da’wa
        • Mu’izz
        • Cairo
      • Interconnectivity
        • Politics
          • The Baghdad Manifesto
        • War
        • Trade
      • Identities & Contestation
        • Geniza
        • Hakim
        • Languages
    • Qaramita
    • Crusades
    • Zangids
    • Ayyubids
    • Mamluks
  • Tunisia & Sicily
    • Early Islamic Ifriqiyya
      • Umayyad Ifriqiyya
      • Qayrawan
      • Berber Revolts
      • Abbasid Rule
    • Aghlabids
      • Building Projects
      • Eastward Connection
      • Local Culture
      • Eldad ha-Dani
    • Rustamids
    • Norman Sicily
    • Hafsids
  • Morocco & Spain
    • Early Islamic Morocco
      • Conquest
      • Idris I
      • Volubilis
      • Idris II
    • Umayyad Emirate of Andalus
      • Mezquita
      • Martyrs of Cordoba
      • Mozarab-ness
      • The Emirate
      • Clavijo
    • Umayyad Caliphate of Andalus
      • Interconnectivity
        • Trade
        • Culture
        • Knowledge
        • Political
        • Correspondence
      • Identities & Contestation
        • Convivencia
        • Shu’ubiyya
        • Blue Eyed Umayyads
      • Umayyad Caliphate 2.0
        • Madinat al-Zahra
        • Banu Hafsun
        • ‘Abd al-Rahman III
        • Andalusi fitna
    • Almoravids
    • Almohads
    • Reconquista
    • Nasrids

Mongols

Maps of the Mongol Khanates

Sources on Mongol History

Christians under the Mongols

Jews under the Mongols

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