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Medieval Islamic History

  • Getting Started
  • Pre-Islamic Period
    • Byzantine Empire
      • Constantine (r. 306-337)
      • Helena (d. c. 330)
      • Justinian (r. 527-565)
      • Heraclius (r. 610-641)
    • Sasanian Empire
      • Ardashir I (r. 224-242)
      • Shapur I (r. 240-270)
      • Battle of Avarayr (451)
      • Anushirwan (r. 531-579)
      • Khosrow Aparvez (r. 590, 591-628)
    • pre-Islamic Arabia
      • Arabness
      • Arabian Languages
      • Arabian Religions
  • Rise of Islam
    • Muhammad
      • Muhammad
      • Bahira
      • Night Journey
      • The Qur’an
    • The Hijras
      • The First Hijra
      • The Hijra
      • Constitution of Medina
    • Early Disputes
      • Uhud
      • Maghazi
      • Conquest of Mecca
      • Succession
      • Ridda
    • The Conquests
      • Letters of Muhammad
      • Conquest of Syria
      • Conquest of Iran
      • Conquest of Egypt
  • Umayyads
    • Hate for the Umayyads
    • First Fitna
      • ʿUthman b. ʿAffan
      • Battle of the Camel
      • Battle of Siffin
    • The First Dynasty
    • Second Fitna
      • Karbala
      • Zubayrids
    • Arabization
    • Coin Reforms
      • Arab-Byzantine
      • Arab-Sasanian
      • Reformed Coinage
      • Latin-Arabic Coins
      • Cool Oddities
    • Palaces
      • Khirbat al-Mafjar
      • Qusayr Amra
    • Mosques and Shrines
      • Dome of the Rock
      • Great Mosque of Damascus
    • Third Fitna
    • Dhimmis
  • ʿAbbasids
    • Revolution
      • Third Fitna
      • Khorasani Revolution
      • Abu Muslim
      • Saffah
      • End of the (Syrian) Umayyads
    • Baghdad
      • Foundation
      • Iranian Context
      • Later Descriptions
    • Bayt al-Hikma
      • Astronomy & Astrology
      • Engineering
      • Geography
      • Math
      • Medicine
      • Philosophy
      • Poetry
    • Fitna and Mihna
      • Maʾmun
      • Fourth Fitna
      • Mihna
    • Decade of Anarchy
      • Samarra’
        • Foundation
        • Palaces
        • Mosques
      • Mutawakkil
        • Reign
        • Christians and Jews
        • Shi’a
        • Death
      • Tahirids
      • Zanj Revolt
        • Background
        • Revolt
    • ʿAbbasids & Buyids
      • Abbasid Revival
      • Abbasid-Buyid Relations
      • Abbasid Commonwealth
    • Byzantium on one side
      • Power
      • War
      • Displacement
    • Sultanates on the other side
      • Power
      • Religion
  • Central Asia & India
    • Early Islamic Central Asia
    • Saffarids
    • Samanids
      • Ismail Samani
      • Ceramics and Glass
    • Sultanate of Delhi
      • Raziyya Sultan
      • Quwwat al-Islam
    • Ghaznavids
    • Ghurids
  • Iran
    • Buyids
      • Rukn al-Dawla
      • ‘Adud al-Dawla
      • Later Buyids
    • Ziyarids
      • Mardavij
      • Gonbad-e Qabus
    • Great Seljuks
      • Seljuk
      • Tughril Beg
      • Nizam al-Mulk
    • Mongols
      • Christians under Mongols
      • Jews under Mongols
    • Timurids
      • Timur
      • Turkish Language
  • Anatolia
    • Eastern Anatolian Beyliks
      • Diyarbakr
      • Akhlat
    • The Kingdom of Ani
    • Seljuks of Rum
      • Konya
    • Kingdom of Cilicia
    • Kingdom of Georgia
      • Tamar
      • Gurji Khatun
    • Ottomans
  • Syria, Egypt & Arabia
    • Hamdanids
      • Arab-Byzantine Wars
      • Court Culture
      • Within Islamic World
      • Digenes Akritas
    • Tulunids
      • Ahmad b. Tulun
      • Mosque
      • Jihad
      • Tiraz
      • Other Tulunid
    • Ikhshidids
      • Ikhshid
      • Kafur
    • Fatimids
      • Da’wa and Dawla
        • Descent from Fatima
        • The Mahdi
        • The Da’wa
        • Mu’izz
        • Cairo
      • Interconnectivity
        • Politics
          • The Baghdad Manifesto
        • War
        • Trade
      • Identities & Contestation
        • Geniza
        • Hakim
        • Languages
    • Qaramita
    • Crusades
    • Zangids
    • Ayyubids
    • Mamluks
  • Tunisia & Sicily
    • Early Islamic Ifriqiyya
      • Umayyad Ifriqiyya
      • Qayrawan
      • Berber Revolts
      • Abbasid Rule
    • Aghlabids
      • Building Projects
      • Eastward Connection
      • Local Culture
      • Eldad ha-Dani
    • Rustamids
    • Norman Sicily
    • Hafsids
  • Morocco & Spain
    • Early Islamic Morocco
      • Conquest
      • Idris I
      • Volubilis
      • Idris II
    • Umayyad Emirate of Andalus
      • Mezquita
      • Martyrs of Cordoba
      • Mozarab-ness
      • The Emirate
      • Clavijo
    • Umayyad Caliphate of Andalus
      • Interconnectivity
        • Trade
        • Culture
        • Knowledge
        • Political
        • Correspondence
      • Identities & Contestation
        • Convivencia
        • Shu’ubiyya
        • Blue Eyed Umayyads
      • Umayyad Caliphate 2.0
        • Madinat al-Zahra
        • Banu Hafsun
        • ‘Abd al-Rahman III
        • Andalusi fitna
    • Almoravids
    • Almohads
    • Reconquista
    • Nasrids

Byzantine Empire

Useful Vocabulary: Byzantine, Constantine, Milvian Bridge, Helena, True Cross, Justinian, Hagia Sophia, Heraclius

Maps of the Byzantine Empire

Primary Sources for Byzantine History

Sources for Constantine

Sources for Helena

Sources for Justinian

Sources for Heraclius

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