Skip to content
Medieval Islamic History
Menu and widgets
Getting Started
Pre-Islamic Period
Byzantine Empire
Constantine (r. 306-337)
Helena (d. c. 330)
Justinian (r. 527-565)
Heraclius (r. 610-641)
Sasanian Empire
Ardashir I (r. 224-242)
Shapur I (r. 240-270)
Battle of Avarayr (451)
Anushirwan (r. 531-579)
Khosrow Aparvez (r. 590, 591-628)
pre-Islamic Arabia
Arabness
Arabian Languages
Arabian Religions
Rise of Islam
Muhammad
Muhammad
Bahira
Night Journey
The Qur’an
The Hijras
The First Hijra
The Hijra
Constitution of Medina
Early Disputes
Uhud
Maghazi
Conquest of Mecca
Succession
Ridda
The Conquests
Letters of Muhammad
Conquest of Syria
Conquest of Iran
Conquest of Egypt
Umayyads
Hate for the Umayyads
First Fitna
ʿUthman b. ʿAffan
Battle of the Camel
Battle of Siffin
The First Dynasty
Second Fitna
Karbala
Zubayrids
Arabization
Coin Reforms
Arab-Byzantine
Arab-Sasanian
Reformed Coinage
Latin-Arabic Coins
Cool Oddities
Palaces
Khirbat al-Mafjar
Qusayr Amra
Mosques and Shrines
Dome of the Rock
Great Mosque of Damascus
Third Fitna
Dhimmis
ʿAbbasids
Revolution
Third Fitna
Khorasani Revolution
Abu Muslim
Saffah
End of the (Syrian) Umayyads
Baghdad
Foundation
Iranian Context
Later Descriptions
Bayt al-Hikma
Astronomy & Astrology
Engineering
Geography
Math
Medicine
Philosophy
Poetry
Fitna and Mihna
Maʾmun
Fourth Fitna
Mihna
Decade of Anarchy
Samarra’
Foundation
Palaces
Mosques
Mutawakkil
Reign
Christians and Jews
Shi’a
Death
Tahirids
Zanj Revolt
Background
Revolt
ʿAbbasids & Buyids
Abbasid Revival
Abbasid-Buyid Relations
Abbasid Commonwealth
Byzantium on one side
Power
War
Displacement
Sultanates on the other side
Power
Religion
Central Asia & India
Early Islamic Central Asia
Saffarids
Samanids
Ismail Samani
Ceramics and Glass
Sultanate of Delhi
Raziyya Sultan
Quwwat al-Islam
Ghaznavids
Ghurids
Iran
Buyids
Rukn al-Dawla
‘Adud al-Dawla
Later Buyids
Ziyarids
Mardavij
Gonbad-e Qabus
Great Seljuks
Seljuk
Tughril Beg
Nizam al-Mulk
Mongols
Christians under Mongols
Jews under Mongols
Timurids
Timur
Turkish Language
Anatolia
Eastern Anatolian Beyliks
Diyarbakr
Akhlat
The Kingdom of Ani
Seljuks of Rum
Konya
Kingdom of Cilicia
Kingdom of Georgia
Tamar
Gurji Khatun
Ottomans
Syria, Egypt & Arabia
Hamdanids
Arab-Byzantine Wars
Court Culture
Within Islamic World
Digenes Akritas
Tulunids
Ahmad b. Tulun
Mosque
Jihad
Tiraz
Other Tulunid
Ikhshidids
Ikhshid
Kafur
Fatimids
Da’wa and Dawla
Descent from Fatima
The Mahdi
The Da’wa
Mu’izz
Cairo
Interconnectivity
Politics
The Baghdad Manifesto
War
Trade
Identities & Contestation
Geniza
Hakim
Languages
Qaramita
Crusades
Zangids
Ayyubids
Mamluks
Tunisia & Sicily
Early Islamic Ifriqiyya
Umayyad Ifriqiyya
Qayrawan
Berber Revolts
Abbasid Rule
Aghlabids
Building Projects
Eastward Connection
Local Culture
Eldad ha-Dani
Rustamids
Norman Sicily
Hafsids
Morocco & Spain
Early Islamic Morocco
Conquest
Idris I
Volubilis
Idris II
Umayyad Emirate of Andalus
Mezquita
Martyrs of Cordoba
Mozarab-ness
The Emirate
Clavijo
Umayyad Caliphate of Andalus
Interconnectivity
Trade
Culture
Knowledge
Political
Correspondence
Identities & Contestation
Convivencia
Shu’ubiyya
Blue Eyed Umayyads
Umayyad Caliphate 2.0
Madinat al-Zahra
Banu Hafsun
‘Abd al-Rahman III
Andalusi fitna
Almoravids
Almohads
Reconquista
Nasrids
Tulunids & Ikhshidids
Medieval Islamic History
Customize
Sign up
Log in
Copy shortlink
Report this content
Manage subscriptions
Medieval Islamic History 